In the early hours of October 28, 1940, the Italian Ambassador delivered an ultimatum to Ioannis Metaxas, demanding concessions that meant surrender. Metaxas refused with the words “alors, c’est la guerre” (“then it is war”), marking Greece’s entry into World War II. This moment sparked a nationwide uprising and became a defining act of resistance.

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On October 28, 1940, immediately after Greece rejected the ultimatum, Italian forces invaded from Albania into Epirus. The first major clash took place at Kalpaki, where General Katsimitros organized a strong defensive line. Despite the Italians’ superiority in numbers and equipment, Greek soldiers held their ground and stopped the enemy advance.

After Ioannis Metaxas’ “No,” the streets filled with citizens singing patriotic songs and cheering the soldiers as they marched to the front. The people’s enthusiasm and unity played a crucial role in boosting the morale of the Greek army. Popular mobilisation was not limited to demonstrations; it also included volunteering, gathering supplies, and offering practical support to those who were enlisted.

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On 22 November 1940, the Greek Army entered Koritsa, marking the first major victory over the Axis in World War II. The liberation of the city boosted the morale of both the Greek people and the Allies, proving that Italy could be defeated. This triumph strengthened confidence in the resilience and courage of the Greek army.

As battles raged in the Pindus mountains, the local women took on a vital role. With their mules and often with their own hands, they carried ammunition, food, and warm clothing to the soldiers, while also transporting the wounded under extremely harsh conditions. Their contribution became a living symbol of solidarity and national unity.

The winter of 1940–41 was especially harsh, and battles in the Albanian mountains were fought amid snow, ice, and freezing winds. With minimal supplies, Greek soldiers held their positions in trenches and mountain peaks, battling not only the enemy but also hunger, cold, and hardship. Their endurance became a shining example of courage that moved the world.

In March 1941, Italy launched its major “Spring Offensive” against the Greek front in Albania. The attack lasted two weeks with heavy bombardments and mass assaults, but failed to break through the Greek lines. This failure was a huge humiliation for Benito Mussolini, who personally observed the battles from the front.

On 6 April 1941, German forces invaded Greece through the Bulgarian border. The forts of the Metaxas Line, with Rupel at the centre, faced relentless attacks from air and land. Despite heavy bombardments and overwhelming enemy numbers, the defenders held out with unmatched courage for days, sending a powerful message to the world that freedom is worth every sacrifice.

After German forces bypassed the forts, Thessaloniki fell on 9 April 1941. On 27 April, Athens suffered the same fate. The Nazi flag raised over the Acropolis became the most painful symbol of subjugation. The entry of German troops marked the start of the triple occupation (German, Italian, Bulgarian) and a period of famine, persecution, and fear.

On 20 May 1941, the Battle of Crete began with the massive drop of German paratroopers over the island. Despite the surprise attack, Greek soldiers, British and New Zealand allies, and ordinary Cretans put up fierce resistance. The battle was bloody and, although it ended in the occupation of the island, the heroic defence shocked the world and showcased the determination of a people who refused to bow.

During the Occupation, Greece witnessed one of the most dynamic resistance movements in Europe. Organisations such as EAM–ELAS, EDES, and EKKA operated in the mountains, attacking military targets, sabotaging supply lines, and boosting morale among the people. Resistance was not only military; it also included underground press, intelligence networks, and acts of civil disobedience, keeping alive the hope of freedom.

The “NO” of 28 October transcended the limits of a political event. It became the symbol of a small nation’s determination to defend its freedom against overwhelming odds. Through battles, sacrifices, and Resistance, this message remained alive and spread across the world. Today, the “No” does not belong only to Greece; it stands as a universal message of freedom, democracy, and justice.